Topic 1: Chemical Equations
a). Molecular Equations
i. Write word equations for given chemical reactions
ii. Write formula equations using chemical symbols
iii. Balance chemical equations
b). Ionic Equations
i. Differentiate between molecular equations and ionic equations
ii. Write balanced ionic equations
Topic 2: Hardness Of Water
a). The Concept of Hardness of Water
i. Explain the concept of hardness of water
ii. State causes of permanent and temporary hardness in water
b). Types of Hardness of Water
i. Identify types of hardness of water
ii. Differentiate soft from hard water
c). Treatment and Purification of Hard Water
i. Examine process of hard water treatment and purification
ii. Describe the importance of hard water treatment and purification
iii. State the importance of hard water in daily life
Topic 3: Acids, Bases And Salts
a). Acids and Bases
i. Investigate the natural sources of acids and bases
ii. Determine the reactions of acids with various materials
iii. Determine the reactions of alkalis with various materials
iv. Determine the reactions of bases with various substances
v. Applications of acid-base neutralization in everyday life
b). Indicators
i. Explain an indicator from locally available materials
ii. Test the acidity and alkalinity of substance using indicators
iii. Describe the concept of an indicator
c). Salts
i. Investigate the natural source of salts in daily life
ii. Analyse the solubility of different salts in the laboratory
iii. Prepare salts in the laboratory
iv. Examine the effects of heat on salts
v. Explain the uses of different types of salts in everyday life
Topic 4: The Mole Concept And Related Calculations
a). The Mole as a Unit of Measurement
i. Compare the mole with other units of measurements
ii. Measure molar quantities of different substances
b). Application of the Mole Concept
i. Convert known masses of elements, molecules or ions to moles
ii. Convert known volumes of gases at S.T.P to moles
iii. Change masses of solids or volumes of known gases to actual number of parties
iv. Prepare molar solutions of various soluble substances
v. Perform calculations based on the mole concept
Topic 5: Volumetric Analysis
a). Standard Volumetric Apparatus
i. Explain the concept of volumetric analysis
ii. Use volumetric apparatus
b). Standard Solutions
i. Explain the steps for preparation of standard solutions of common acids
ii. Prepare standard solutions of bases
iii. Carry out acid-base titration experiments
c). Volumteric Calculations
i. Standardize common mineral acids
ii. Find the relative atomic mass of unknown element in an acid or alkali
iii. Calculate the percentage purity of an acid or an alkali
iv. Find the number of molecules of water of crystallization of a substance
d). Application of Volumetric Analysis
i. Explain the application of volumetric analysis in real life situations
ii. Compare industrial and laboratory skills of volumetric analysis
Topic 6: Ionic Theory And Electrolysis
a). Ionic Theory
i. Distinguish electrolytes from non-electrolytes
ii. Categorize weak and strong electrolytes
b). The Mechanisms of Electrolysis
i. Set up electrolytic cells of different electrolytes in the molten and aqueous states
ii. Explain ionic migrations during electrolysis and the preferential discharge of ions at the electrodes
iii. Perform experiments to identify the products of electrolysis when different electrolytes are used
iv. Perform experiments to identify the products of electrolysis when different electrodes are used
c). Laws of Electrolysis
i. Carry out experiments to relate masses liberated and quantity of electricity passed
ii. Carry out an experiment to verify Faraday’s First Law of Electrolysis
iii. Carry out an experiment to verify Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis
iv. Relate the chemical equivalents of elements and quantity of electricity passed
d). Application of Electrolysis
i. Outline the industrial purification of copper by electrolysis
ii. Carry out an experiment on electroplating of metallic materials
Topic 7: Chemical Kinetics, Equilibrium And Energetics
a). The Rate of Chemical Reactions
i. Compare the rates of chemical reactions
ii. Perform experiments to measure the rates of chemical reactions
b). Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions
i. Describe the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction
ii. Demonstrate the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction
iii. Show the effect of surface area of a solid on the rate of a reaction
iv. Demonstrate the effect of catalyst on the rate of a reaction
c). Reversible and Irreversible Reactions
i. Compare reversible and irreversible reactions
ii. Describe the concept of reversible and irreversible reactions
d). Equilibrium Reactions
i. Differentiate equilibrium reactions from simple reversible reactions
ii. Describe two equilibrium reactions of industrial importance
e). Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction
i. Explain the concept of endothermic and exothermic reactions
i. Draw energy level diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions
Topic 8: Extractions Of Metals
a). Occurrence and Location of Metals in Tanzania
i. Identify locations of important metal ores in Tanzania
ii. Compare the abundances of metals in the earth’s crust
b). Chemical Properties of Metals
i. Differentiate the physical and chemical strengths of metals
ii. Compare the reducing Power of different metals
c). Extraction of Metals by Electrolytic Reduction
i. Outline the criteria for the choice of the best methods of extracting a metal from its ore
ii. Explain the extraction of sodium from its ore
d). Extraction of Metals by Chemical Reduction
i. Describe the extraction of iron from its ore
e). Environmental Consideration
i. Identify environmental destruction caused by extraction of metals
ii. Suggest intervention measures to rectify environmental destruction
Topic 9: Compounds Of Metals
a). Oxides
i. Prepare oxides of some metals by direct and indirect methods
ii. Classify metal oxides
iii. Demonstrate the reactions of metal oxides with water and dilute acids
iv. Explain the uses of metal oxides
b). Hydroxides
i. Prepare hydroxides of some metals by direct and indirect methods
ii. Classify metal hydroxides
iii. Explain the chemical properties of metal hydroxides
iv. Describe the uses of metal hydroxides
c). Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates
i. Prepare metal carbonate and hydrogen carbonates by different methods
ii. Classify metal carbonates
iii. Analyse the chemical properties of metal carbonates
iv. Describe the uses of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
d). Nitrates
i. Prepare metal nitrates
ii. Explain the chemical properties of metal nitrates
iii. Explain the uses of metal nitrates
e). Chlorides
i. Prepare metal chlorides by direct and indirect methods
ii. Explain the chemical properties of metal chlorides
iii. Explain the uses of metal chloride
f). Sulphates
i. Prepare soluble and insoluble sulphates
ii. Explain chemical properties of sulphates
iii. Describe uses of sulphates